Starting with historical references on traffic direction choice and how railway transport has become the reason for the predomination of righthand traffic on transport other kinds, the authors dwelled on the examples of traffic directions on automotive and partially air and sea transport and then went to forecasting the future in the definition of motion directions on railway transport, technical limitations of the systems with floor traffic lights and approached to the analysis of signalless systems of traffic control with fixed block-plots and then with mobile ones. It was shown that modern solutions for high-speed lines should exclude fixed signals. The main domestic and foreign examples for the design and exploitation of such systems at the world railways and subways as well as advantages and disadvantages in terms of traffic capacity and safety were demonstrated. The comparison of domestic and foreign systems of interval regulation of train traffic was made in the article final part. The fundamental similarity of Russia signalless automatic blocking system “ALSO” with all-European system ETCS L2, preserving block-plot fixed lengths but excluding the use of checkpoint traffic lights, was demonstrated. In addition, the common principles for “ABTC-M” system, used on Russia railways, and ETCS L3 system with mobile block-plots, which rules out the use of traffic lights as well as the devices for track section vacancy control, are indicated. Both systems exclude fixed signals and fixed block sections. Then the example of the systems at railways and subways with mobile block-plots was demonstrated – the systems work on the difference in braking distances of trains, running in the same direction. These systems ensure the shortest headway thanks to data on speed and braking curve of a leading train. But such systems have a lot of limitations in terms of railway operation and safety.
story of moving directions, automatic block systems for motion in one and in both directions, one- and two-way systems of automatic blocking, signal visibility problem, etymology of international word “chauffeur”, right-and left-hand traffic at international highways and railways, signaling, automatic blocking with fixed and mobile block-plots, comparison of traffic capacity, traffic safety, automatic locomotive signaling “ALSO”, automatic blocking “ABTC-M”, ETCS L2 and L3 systems for train traffic control
1. Sagiv I. The Image of the Rider on Greco-Roman Engraved Gems from the Israel Museum (Jerusalem) / I. Sagiv // ISTRAŽIVANJA, Јournal of Historical Research. - 2016. - №. 27. - Pp. 33-44.
2. Rovithis-Livaniou E. Astronomical Symbols on Coins of the Roman Empire-Part I: 27 BC to 96 AD / E. Rovithis-Livaniou, F. Rovithis // Romanian Astron. J. - 2015. - Vol. 25. - P. 129.
3. Clancy M. Innovations in Transport in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Limerick. The Turnpike Roads / M. Clancy // Martina Clancy, Limerick Civic Trust. - 2008.
4. Marshall C. F. A History of Railway Locomotives down to the end of the year 1831 / C. F. Marshall. - BoD - Books on Demand, 2012.
5. Caron F. The Evolution of the Technical System of Railways in France from 1832 to 1937 / F. Caron // The development of large technical systems. - Routledge, 2019. - Pp. 69-103.
6. Theeg G. Railway Signalling & Interlocking / G. Theeg, S. Vlasenko // International Compendium. Hamburg, Eurailpress. - 2009. - P. 448.
7. Mimeur C. Revisiting the structuring effect of transportation infrastructure: an empirical approach with the French Railway Network from 1860 to 1910 / C. Mimeur et al. // Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History. - 2018. - Vol. 51. - №. 2. - Pp. 65-81.
8. Mellor R. E. H. German railways: A study in the historical geography of transport / R. E. H. Mellor. - Routledge, 2021. - Vol. 14.
9. Zeller T. Driving Germany: The Landscape of the German Autobahn, 1930-1970 / T. Zeller. - Berghahn Books, 2007. - Vol. 5.
10. Rumar K. The Swedish National Road Safety Program. New Approach to Road Safety Work / K. Rumar // Transportation, Traffic Safety and Health. - Springer. Berlin, Heidelberg, 1997. - Pp. 73-86.
11. Roesel F. The causal effect of wrong-hand drive vehicles on road safety / F. Roesel // Economics of transportation. - 2017. - Vol. 11. - Pp. 15-22.
12. World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety 2015. - World Health Organization, 2015.
13. Abed S. K. European rail traffic management system in overview / S. K. Abed // 2010 First International Conference for Energy, Power and Control (EPC-IQ). - IEEE, 2010. - Pp. 173-180.
14. Massel A. Nowe połączenie Berlin - Monachium. Charakterystyka eksploatacyjna / A. Massel // TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego. - 2018. - Vol. 25.
15. Feldwisch W. Die Verkehrsprojekte Deutsche Einheit (VDE) - Schienenprojekte / W. Feldwisch // ETR Spezial. - 2017. - № 12. - Pp. 68-73.
16. Palumbo M. Railway Signalling since the Birth to ERTMS / M. Palumbo // E-Journal Railway Signalling Europe. - 2013. - URL: https://www.railwaysignalling.eu.
17. Vignali V. A methodology for the design of sections block length on ETCS L2 railway networks / V. Vignali et al. // Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management. - 2020. - Vol. 13. - Pp. 100-160.
18. Rozenberg E. N. Principy postroeniya sistem upravleniya i interval'nogo regulirovaniya dvizheniem poezdov chetvertogo pokoleniya / E. N. Rozenberg // Intellektual'nye sistemy upravleniya na zheleznodorozhnom transporte. Komp'yuternoe i matematicheskoe modelirovanie (ISUZhT-2019). - 2019. - S. 27-32.
19. Mikulčić M. Railway Capacity Enhancement with Modern Signalling Systems - A Literature Review / M. Mikulčić, T. J. Mlinarić // Promet-Traffic & Transportation. - 2021. - Vol. 33. - №. 1. - Pp. 141-152.
20. Basile D. Exploring the ERTMS/ETCS full moving block specification: an experience with formal methods / D. Basile et al. // International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer. - 2022. - Vol. 24. - №. 3. - Pp. 351-370.
21. Deutsch P. Overview ERTMS/ETCS Baseline 3 and beyond / P. Deutsch // Operating Rules and Interoperability in Trans-National High-Speed Rail. - Springer, Cham, 2022. - Pp. 29-94.
22. Ranjbar V. Migration to ERTMS for dense traffic lines: investigation methodologies and application to the Stockholm Citybanan case study / V. Ranjbar // Tecnoscienza: Italian Journal of Science & Technology Studies. - 2021.
23. Ranjbar V. Impact of signalling system on capacity. Comparing legacy ATC, ETCS Level 2 and ETCS Hybrid Level 3 systems / V. Ranjbar, N. O. E. Olsson, H. Sipilä // Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management. - 2022. - Vol. 23.
24. Ferrari A. Model-based evaluation of the availability of a CBTC system / A. Ferrari et al. // International Workshop on Software Engineering for Resilient Systems. - Springer. Berlin, Heidelberg, 2012. - Pp. 165-179.
