Russian University of Transport (MIIT) ("Automation, Remote Control and Communication on Railway Transport" Department, Professor)
«Scientific Research and Design Institute «Transport and Construction Safety» LLC (General Director Deputy on Scientific Research Work)
Tashkent State Transport University ("Automation and Remote Control" Department, Professor)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
UDK 004.052.32 Контроль неисправностей
The peculiarities of using Hamming codes in the synthesis of automatic devices with fault detection are investigated. Such devices imply the organization of embedded control schemes to detect occurring faults indirectly based on the results of calculating the values of operational functions. Various methods can be used by the implementation of embedded control schemes. In this study, the focus is shifted to the issues of synthesizing embedded control schemes using the method of logical signal correction (the method of logical complementation). This method involves transforming all or part of the signals coming from the diagnostic object in the embedded control scheme in such a way that the code word generated after the signal correction block belongs to a preselected block uniform code. The study considers the application of classical Hamming codes for these purposes. The use of the method of logical signal correction allows obtaining the values of the informational symbols of the code words of the Hamming code directly as values at the operational outputs of the diagnostic object, while the check symbols are obtained by correcting signals from some of the operational outputs. However, it is also possible to use transformations of operational function values to obtain informational symbols, which expands the number of ways to organize the embedded control scheme. The article presents previously unknown absolute and relative error detection metrics in the code words of the Hamming code, taking into account their categorization based on types (according to the number of distortions in zero and one bits) and multiplicities. The experimental results with test combinational circuits confirm the effectiveness of using the method of logical signal correction with computation control using Hamming codes for synthesizing embedded control schemes. The results obtained in this study extend the theory of synthesis for self-checking digital devices and computational systems and can be practically applied in improving the methods for synthesizing automatic devices with fault detection.
automatic devices with fault detection, self-checking digital device, method of logical signal correction, Hamming code, error detection in code words, undetectable error, synthesis of embedded control scheme
1. Göessel M. New Methods of Concurrent Checking: Edition 1 / M. Göessel, V. Ocheretny, E. Sogomonyan et al. // Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business Media B. V. - 2008. - 184 p.
2. Drozd A. V. Rabochee diagnostirovanie bezopasnyh informacionno-upravlyayuschih sistem / A. V. Drozd, V. S. Harchenko, S. G. Antoschuk i dr.; pod red. A. V. Drozda i V. S. Harchenko. - Har'kov: Nacional'nyy aerokosmicheskiy universitet im. N. E. Zhukovskogo «HAI», 2012. - 614 s.
3. Sagalovich Yu. L. Kodovaya zaschita operativnoy pamyati EVM ot oshibok / Yu. L. Saga-lovich // Avtomatika i telemehanika. - 1991. - № 5. - S. 3-45.
4. Sapozhnikov V. V. Samoproveryaemye diskretnye ustroystva / V. V. Sapozhnikov, V. V. Sapozhnikov. - SPb.: Energoatomizdat, 1992. - 224 s.
5. Sogomonyan E. S. Samoproveryaemye ustroystva i otkazoustoychivye sistemy / E. S. Sogomonyan, E. V. Slabakov. - M.: Radio i svyaz', 1989. - 208 s.
6. Sapozhnikov V. V. Teoriya sinteza samoproveryaemyh cifrovyh sistem na osnove ko-dov s summirovaniem / V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov, D. V. Efanov. - SPb.: Lan', 2021. - 580 s.
7. Hamming R. W. Error Detecting and Correcting Codes / R. W. Hamming // Bell System Technical Journal. - 1950. - Iss. 29(2). - Pp. 147-160.
8. Tshagharyan G. Experimental Study on Hamming and Hsiao Codes in the Context of Em-bedded Applications / G. Tshagharyan, G. Harutyunyan, S. Shoukourian et al. // Proceedings of 15th IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS’2017), Novi Sad, Serbia, Sep-tember 29 - October 2, 2017. - Pp. 25-28. - DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/EWDTS.2017.8110065.
9. Ojiganov A. A. The Use of Hamming Codes in Digital Angle Converters Based on Pseudo-Random Code Scales / A. A. Ojiganov // Measurement Techniques. - 2015. - Vol. 58. - Iss. 5. - Pp. 512-519. - DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11018-015-0746-7.
10. Nikitin D. Automatic Locomotive Signalization System Modification with Weight-Based Sum Codes / D. Nikitin, A. Manakov, A. Nikitin et al. // Proceedings of 15th IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS’2017), Novi Sad, Serbia, September 29 - Octo-ber 2, 2017. - Pp. 332-336. - DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/EWDTS.2017.8110099.
11. Demidenko S. Analysis and Generation of Test Sequences Based on Hamming Code and its Modifications / S. Demidenko, A. Ivanyukovich, L. Makhist // IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings, 24-27 April 2006, Sorrento, Italy. - DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/IMTC.2006.328404.
12. Klockmann A. A New 3-bit Burst-Error Correcting Code / A. Klockmann, G. Georgakos, M. Goessel // IEEE 23rd International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design (IOLTS), 3-5 July 2017, Thessaloniki, Greece. - DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/IOLTS.2017.8046167.
13. Mukherjee C. Hamming Code Generators using LTEx Module of Quantum-dot Cellular Au-tomata / C. Mukherjee, S. Panda, B. Maji, A. K. Mukhopadhyay et al. // Devices for Inte-grated Circuit (DevIC), 23-24 March 2019, Kalyani, India. - DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/DEVIC.2019.8783545.
14. Stempkovsky A. L. CICADA: A New Tool to Design Circuits with Correction and Detec-tion Abilities / A. L. Stempkovsky, T. D. Zhukova, D. V. Telpukhov et al. // International Siberian Conference on Control and Communications (SIBCON), 13-15 May 2021, Kazan, Russia. - Pp. 1-5. - DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/SIBCON50419.2021.9438900.
15. Belousov A. I. Diskretnaya matematika / A. I. Belousov, S. B. Tkachev; pod red. V. S. Zarubina, A. P. Krischenko. - 3-e izd., stereotip. - M.: Izd-vo MGTU im N. E. Baumana, 2004. - 744 s.
16. Gessel' M. Issledovanie kombinacionnyh samoproveryaemyh ustroystv s nezavisi-mymi i monotonno nezavisimymi vyhodami / M. Gessel', A. A. Morozov, V. V. Sa-pozhnikov i dr. // Avtomatika i telemehanika. - 1997. - № 2. - S. 180-193.
17. Morosov A. Self-Checking Combinational Circuits with Unidirectionally Independent Out-puts / A. Morosov, V. V. Saposhnikov, Vl. V. Saposhnikov et al. // VLSI Design. - 1998. - Vol. 5. - Iss. 4. - Pp. 333-345. - DOI:https://doi.org/10.1155/1998/20389.
18. Sagalovich Yu. L. Obnaruzhenie neispravnostey v shemnoy realizacii sistemy mono-tonnyh bulevyh funkciy / Yu. L. Sagalovich, V. Yu. Solomennikov // Problemy pere-dachi informacii. - 1997. - T. 33. - № 2. - S. 81-93.
19. Gessel' M. Postroenie kombinacionnyh samoproveryaemyh ustroystv s monotonno nezavisimymi vyhodami / M. Gessel', A. A. Morozov, V. V. Sapozhnikov i dr. // Av-tomatika i telemehanika. - 1994. - № 7. - S. 148-160.
20. Efanov D. V. Sintez samoproveryaemyh kombinacionnyh ustroystv na osnove vyde-leniya special'nyh grupp vyhodov / D. V. Efanov, V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozh-nikov // Avtomatika i telemehanika. - 2018. - № 9. - S. 79-94.
21. Efanov D. V. Predel'nye svoystva koda Hemminga v shemah funkcional'nogo dia-gnostirovaniya / D. V. Efanov // Informatika i sistemy upravleniya. - 2011. - № 3. - S. 70-79.
22. Sapozhnikov V. V. Osobennosti primeneniya kodov Hemminga pri organizacii samo-proveryaemyh shem vstroennogo kontrolya / V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov, D. V. Efanov // Izvestiya vysshih uchebnyh zavedeniy. Priborostroenie. - 2018. - T. 61. - №1. - S. 47-59. - DOI:https://doi.org/10.17586/0021-3454-2018-61-1-47-59.
23. Sapozhnikov V. V. Kody Hemminga v sistemah funkcional'nogo kontrolya logiche-skih ustroystv / V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov, D. V. Efanov. - SPb.: Nauka, 2018. - 151 s.
24. Tel'puhov D. V. Primenenie koda Hemminga v zadache povysheniya sboeustoychivosti kombinacionnyh shem / D. V. Tel'puhov, T. D. Zhukova, A. N. Schelokov i dr. // Izve-stiya YuFU. Tehnicheskie nauki. - 2021. - № 4(221). - S. 220-231. - DOI:https://doi.org/10.18522/2311-3103-2021-4-220-231.
25. Gessel' M. Logicheskoe dopolnenie - novyy metod kontrolya kombinacionnyh shem / M. Gessel', A. V. Morozov, V. V. Sapozhnikov i dr. // Avtomatika i telemehanika. - 2003. - № 1. - S. 167-176.
26. Saposhnikov Vl. V. Experimental Results for Self-Dual Multi-Output Combinational Circuits / Vl. V. Saposhnikov, V. Moshanin, V. V. Saposhnikov et al. // Journal of Electronic Testing: Theory and Applications. - 1999. - Vol. 14. - Iss. 3. - Pp. 295-300. - DOI:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008370405607.
27. Dmitriev A. New Self-Dual Circuits for Error Detection and Testing / A. Dmitriev, V. Saposhnikov, Vl. Saposhnikov et al. // VLSI Design. - 2000. - Vol. 11. - Iss. 1. - Pp. 1-21. - DOI:https://doi.org/10.1155/2000/84720.
28. Gessel' M. Kontrol' kombinacionnyh shem metodom logicheskogo dopolneniya / M. Gessel', A. V. Morozov, V. V. Sapozhnikov i dr. // Avtomatika i telemehanika. - 2005. - № 8. - S. 161-172.
29. Das D. K. Constraint Don’t Cares for Optimizing Designs for Concurrent Checking by 1-out-of-3 Codes / D. K. Das, S. S. Roy, A. Dmitiriev et al. // Proceedings of the 10th Interna-tional Workshops on Boolean Problems, Freiberg, Germany, September, 2012. - Pp. 33-40.
30. Efanov D. Specifics of Error Detection with Modular Sum Codes in Concurrent Error-Detection Circuits Based on Boolean Complement Method / D. Efanov, G. Osadchy, M. Zueva // Proceedings of 19th IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS’2021), Batumi, Georgia, September 10-13, 2021. - Pp. 59-69. - DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/EWDTS52692.2021.9581036.
31. Efanov D. Special Aspects of Errors Definition via Sum Codes within Embedded Control Schemas Being Realized by Means of Boolean Complement Method / D. Efanov, G. Osadchy, M. Zueva // Proceedings of 11th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Da-ta Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applica-tions (IDAACS’2021), Vol. 1, Cracow, Poland, September 22-25, 2021. - Pp. 424-431. - DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/IDAACS53288.2021.9660837.
32. Efanov D. V. Osobye svoystva kodov Hemminga, proyavlyayuschiesya pri sinteze samo-proveryaemyh cifrovyh ustroystv / D. V. Efanov // Izvestiya vysshih uchebnyh zave-deniy. Priborostroenie. - 2023. - T. 66. - № 2. - S. 85-99. - DOI:https://doi.org/10.17586/0021-3454-2023-66-2-85-99.
33. Efanov D. V. Organizaciya samoproveryaemyh cifrovyh ustroystv po metodu logiche-skogo dopolneniya s primeneniem kodov Hemminga / D. V. Efanov, D. V. Pivovarov, G. V. Osadchiy i dr. // Problemy razrabotki perspektivnyh mikro- i nanoelektron-nyh sistem (MES). - 2022. - № 1. - S. 43-49. - DOI:https://doi.org/10.31114/2078-7707-2022-1-43-49.
34. Efanov D. V. Primenenie kodov s effektivnym obnaruzheniem oshibok v oblasti maloy kratnosti pri sinteze shem vstroennogo kontrolya po metodu logicheskogo do-polneniya / D. V. Efanov, D. V. Pivovarov, G. V. Osadchiy i dr. // Informacionnye tehnologii. - 2022. - T. 28. - № 6. - S. 283-293. - DOI:https://doi.org/10.17587/it.28.283-293.
35. Efanov D. V. Principy formirovaniya ravnomernyh izbytochnyh kodov dlya sinteza samoproveryaemyh kombinacionnyh ustroystv na osnove dannyh ob ih strukturah / D. V. Efanov // Informacionnye tehnologii. - 2022. - T. 28. - № 9. - S. 489-496. - DOI:https://doi.org/10.17587/it.28.489-496.
36. Collection of Digital Design Benchmarks. - URL: http:// ddd.fit.cvut.cz/www/prj/Benchmarks/.
37. Dmitriev V. V. Kody s summirovaniem s effektivnym obnaruzheniem dvukratnyh oshibok dlya organizacii sistem funkcional'nogo kontrolya logicheskih ustroystv / V. V. Dmitriev, D. V. Efanov, V. V. Sapozhnikov i dr. // Avtomatika i telemehanika. - 2018. - № 4. - S. 105-122.
