Purpose: The history of the development of axonometric projections is considered in this work. The contribution of Russian scientists to the theory of this method is established. The analysis of the current state of the regulatory framework has been carried out. The necessity of making changes to the current standard is justified. Archival and handwritten sources have been investigated. The article shows the way of the consistent emergence, development and improvement of the theory of axonometric projections. Examples of its use in different periods are shown. The contribution of Russian scientists to the improvement of the theory of the axonometry method and its application in construction and industry is established. The main advantages of axonometry are shown: visual clarity and the possibility to determine the parameters of a real object based on such images. The inaccuracies of the axonometry theory representation in modern regulatory documents are analyzed. The necessity to depict axonometric axes when creating images is indicated. Axonometric projections are considered as a method of geometric modeling in computer-aided design systems, which allows creating visual planar models of artificial structures and other objects. This also allows to create a unified information model of the object, to carry out joint work of various specialists at the design stages, to ensure the storage and editing of information throughout the entire life cycle of the object. Methods: To achieve results, various research methods have been applied: theoretical analysis of historical, scientific literature, normative and program-methodical documentation, study of the experience of graphic images of foreign and domestic specialists, generalization and systematization of scientific provisions on the research topic, analysis of the results of research work. Results: The necessity of making changes to the existing regulatory documents is justified. Practical significance: The correct display of axonometry in regulatory documents will improve its practical application and specialist training.
Axonometric projection, complex drawing, parallel projection, geometric modeling, axonometric axes, drawing reversibility, three-dimensional solid-state modeling, building information modeling
1. Voronin N. N. Ocherki po istorii russkogo zodchestva / N. N. Voronin. - M.-L., 1934.
2. Virginskiy V. S. Tvorcy novoy tehniki v krepostnoy Rossii: Ocherki zhizni i deyatel'nosti vydayuschihsya russkih izobretateley XVIII - per. pol. XIX veka / V. S. Virginskiy. - M.: Gosizdat, 1962. - 406 s.
3. Sevast'yanov Ya. A. Osnovaniya nachertatel'noy geometrii / Ya. A. Sevast'yanov. - SPb., 1821. - 186 s.
4. Sevast'yanov Ya. A. Prilozhenie nachertatel'noy geometrii k vozdushnoy perspektive, k proekcii kart i k gnomonike / Ya. A. Sevast'yanov. - SPb., 1831. - 157 s.
5. Reder A. H. Ob izometricheskoy proekcii / A. H. Reder. SPb., 1861.
6. Makarov N. I. Istoricheskiy ocherk razvitiya perspektivy, kak nauki / N. I. Makarov. - SPb., 1880. - 38 s.
7. Kurdyumov V. I. Kurs nachertatel'noy geometrii. Otdel I. Vvedenie. Proekcii ortogonal'nye. Chast' I. Proekcii tochek, liniy i ploskostey / V. I. Kurdyumov // Sbornik Instituta Inzhenerov putey soobscheniya Imperatora Aleksandra I. - Vyp. XXXII. - SPb., 1895. - 431 s.
8. Frolov A. Dopolneniya k elementarnoy nachertatel'noy geometrii / A. Frolov // Elementarnaya nachertatel'naya geometriya s chertezhami v tekste i s zadachami dlya samostoyatel'noy raboty uchaschihsya. Dlya real'nyh uchilisch. - SPb., 1884.
9. Kargin D. I. K istorii grafiki / D. I. Kargin // PFA RAN, f. 802, op. 1, ed. hr. 191, b/d. - 215 l.
10. Kargin D. I. Izobrazheniya u narodov Drevnego Vostoka arhitekturnyh form / D. I. Kargin // PFA RAN, f. 802, op. 1, ed. hr. 197, b/d. - 28 l.
11. Kargin D. I. Tehnicheskaya grafika antichnoy Grecii / D. I. Kargin // PFA RAN, f. 802, op. 1, ed. hr. 194, b/d. - 3 l.
12. Kargin D. I. Iskusstvo drevnego Vostoka // PFA RAN, f. 802, op. 1, ed. hr. 272, b/d. - 66 l.
13. Kargin D. I. Ocherk razvitiya tehnicheskoy grafiki / D. I. Kargin // PFA RAN, f. 802, op. 1, ed. hr. 193, b/d. - 76 l.
14. Kargin D. I. Tehnicheskaya grafika v dopetrovskoy Rusi / D. I. Kargin. - L., 1941. - 38 s.
15. Kargin D. I. Chertezhnoe delo v Rossii v XVIII v. / D. I. Kargin // PFA RAN, f. 802, op. 1, ed. hr. 193, 1949. - 183 l.
16. Kargin D. I. Uspehi nauki tehnicheskoy grafiki za XXX let Sovetskoy vlasti / D. I. Kargin // PFA RAN, f. 802, op. 1, ed. hr. 32, 1947. - 336 l.
17. Kargin D. I. Rol' Instituta inzhenerov putey soobscheniya v dele nasazhdeniya nachertatel'noy geometrii v Rossii / D. I. Kargin // Tez. dokl. IV nauchno-tehn. konf. LIIZhTa. - L.: LIIZhT, 1939. - S. 146-147.
18. Kargin D. I. Tehnicheskaya grafika v Drevney Rusi / D. I. Kargin // Tez. dokl. X nauchno-tehn. konf. LIIZhTa. - L.: LIIZhT, 1947. - S. 158.
19. Kargin D. I. Tochnost' graficheskih raschetov / D. I. Kargin // PFA RAN, f. 802, op. 1, ed. hr. 10, II ch.,1937. - 383 l.
20. Kargin D. I. Istoricheskie dannye o glaze. Glaz - anatomiya i drugoe / D. I. Kargin // PFA RAN, f. 802, op. 1, ed. hr. 27, b/d. - 47 l.
21. Kargin D. I. Tehnicheskaya grafika v dopetrovskoy Rusi / D. I. Kargin // PFA RAN, f. 802, op. 1, ed. hr. 190, 1940. - 195 l.
22. Raushenbah B. V. Prostranstvennye postroeniya v zhivopisi / B. V. Raushenbah. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - S. 165-184.
23. Kargin D. I. Vybor naivygodneyshih aksonometricheskih proekciy / D. I. Kargin // PFA RAN f. 802, ed. hr. 302, 1938. - 104 l.
24. GOST 2.317-2011. Edinaya sistema konstruktorskoy dokumentacii. Aksonometricheskie proekcii. - M.: AO «Kodeks», 2023. - 8 s.
25. Eliseev N. A. Professor D. I. Kargin - issledovatel' istorii i teorii aksonometrii / N. A. Eliseev. - Russkaya nauka v biograf. ocherkah: Deyateli russkoy nauki. - SPb.: «Dmitriy Bulanin»: SPbF IIET, 2003. - S. 55-65.
26. Eliseev N. A. Inzhenernaya i komp'yuternaya grafika, Ch. 1: kurs lekciy / N. A. Eliseev, Yu. G. Paraskevopulo, D. V. Tret'yakov. - SPb.: FGBOU VO PGUPS, 2017. - 145 s.
27. Eliseev N. A. Rol' tehnicheskoy grafiki v peredache informacii / N. A. Eliseev // Problemy informatiki: filosofiya, naukovedenie, obrazovanie. Izvestiya SPbGETU «LETI». - SPb.: SPbGETU «LETI», 2007. - S. 297-300.
28. Eliseev N. A. Izuchenie informacionnogo modelirovaniya zdaniy i sooruzheniy v ramkah discipliny «Nachertatel'naya geometriya, inzhenernaya i komp'yuternaya grafika» / N. A. Eliseev, N. N. Eliseeva, E. N. Paraskevopulo // Innovacionnye tehnologii v stroitel'stve i geoekologii: materialy VII Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy internet-konferencii (09.06.2020). - M.: Sputnik +, 2020. - 29 s. - S. 95-98.
